Examining Socio-Economic Inequality Among Commuters: The Case of the Jakarta Metropolitan Area

The rapid development of urban areas in surrounding regions has led to an increasing number commuters within and between core-peripheral regions. However, variation jobs economic levels exacerbated the socio-economic inequalities metropolitan residents. Using commuter data Jakarta Metropolitan Area, this study examines disparities commuting behaviour, spatial patterns, health with incomes lower higher than regional minimum wage. article conducts quantitative descriptive statistics a non-parametric test using BPS—Statistics Indonesia 2019 that included 13,000 sample respondents from Province its neighbouring districts. Our result reveals significant impact income level on choice private transportation mode, whilst having no effect public modes. Higher-income peripheral residents tend commute core area (Jakarta Province), while lower-income typically travel areas. also indicates negative physical prolonged early-hours commuting, especially for groups. proposes better is convenient, safe, reliable, ensure sustainable resilient area.